CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
The
need for accurate, pertinent and timely information at the various stages of an
organization’s Management process can hardly be overemphasized. At the time of
problem identification, initial information is reached for the creation of
awareness that problem exists. Accurate and reliable information is also very
crucial at the stages of decision processes, the stages of alternative search
and evaluation. Information is also required for the scoring of various stages
to ensure that what is being or has been implemented is in accordance with the
choice made.
The
need for continuous monitoring of performance in the organization at all stages
cannot be overemphasized. There is need for information to accurately identify
the decision and other problems of an organization and information helps to
facilitate alternative search and evaluation. These subsets of management
information constitute elements as well as outputs of the Management
Information System. This study evaluated Management Information System in
Business Organizations management.
1.2 Background
of the Study
As
human society evolved, the need for information and information system
developed from informal to formal. The information technology have transformed
global business and economic landscape, which have particularly put business
organizations on an accelerated pace of development.
The
success of any business organization lies in its ability to identify its
critical problems and to solve them by using proper decision making process
with the help of collection of proper information related to these problems
(Sharma, 2006). An effective Management Information System is necessary for
providing rational approach towards decision making for critical problems
(Ottith, 1999). The real role of Management Information System is to provide
information for decisions, planning and controlling operations. Karimu (2004)
observed that, as organizations have increased in size and scope of operations,
the need for co-ordination of the many parts must be considered obvious. As
competition has increased and resource scarcity has left organizations on the
verge of failure, the use of efficiency as a criterion for the evaluation of
organizational effectiveness has gained momentum (Chiedu, 2015). The changing
environment of organizations and the resultant uncertainty has brought about
renewed effort for effective environmental management. (Akpovi, 2006)
Organizations must now continuously search their environment in order to be
aware of new opportunities and threats.
Nwankwo
(2014) observed that the information revolution has led to the convergence of
computing and telecommunications technologies, thereby creating a new order of
electronic telecommunications network, covering the world through cable and
satellite information super-highways that has provided an easy way of managing
information in organizations.
Whether
one is dealing with the issue of internal co-ordination of disparate
organizational tasks and decisions to achieve integration and synergy, the
judicious management of scarce resources to achieve efficiencies or the
scanning of the environment to keep abreast with changes in the environment
domain, information must be at one’s service (Harnwell, 2007). According to
Ahuja (2003). It will be impossible to achieve internal co-ordination of
disparate organization tasks, decisions to achieve integration and synergy,
judicious management of scarce resources to achieve efficiencies without
information. Information and communication have been described as the linking
process of management. It is the overwhelming importance of information in
today’s organization that has brought about the widespread use of the computer
and other forms of information technology to aid data processing and to provide
information support for improved management decision making in business
organizations (Sharma, 2006). No effective decision can be taken and
implemented to solve any problem in organization, unless the full information
relating to the problem and its surroundings is made available and must be made
available quickly. Karimu (2004) noted that the right information at the right
time reduces the risk of wrong decisions.
The
business industries today appear to be truly at cross roads with the new
information technology, aiding globalizations and integrations of the world’s
business. There has been quantum jump in the expectation of customers for newer
products and alternative delivery channels. Consequently, business
organizations are under increasing pressure to offer today what customers would
be expecting tomorrow with effective use of Management Information System
(Musa, 2015).
Onwukwe
(2014) notes that to individuals, the information revolution has created
greater choice and flexibility both at home and in the work place and has also
improved his communication and access to goods and services globally.
Long
(1989) sees Management Information Systems as what results from the thoughtful
analysis, manipulation and presentation of data in a form that will enhance the
decision making process. Information as Idowu (2013) observed is produced from
data to help us make decision. The qualities of information are accuracy,
verifiability, relevance, completeness and timeliness (Williams, 2008).
The
new world order today has proved that Management Information System more than
any other resources is vital. This realization is responsible for the world
becoming a global village (Idiong, 2004). As such, today there is so much free
and easy transfer of business information from one business organization to
another and from one country to another.
Management
Information System in business management has remained relevant from the crude
days to the present day. This statement is supported with the Goldhaber’s
(1983) definition of Management Information System as:
Life blood of the organization
The glue that binds the
organization
The oil that smoothens the
organization functions
The twines that ties the systems
together
The binding agent that cement
all relationship
The force that pervades the
organization.
From
the definitions above, it shows that Management Information System is a concept
advocating that information is a valuable resource and should be managed
accordingly like money, materials and people. Chukwu (2010) revealed that Management
Information System refers to “who needs to know what and when”. He further
describes Management Information Systems as a set of policies and techniques
used to collect, organize, analyze, process, communicate and deliver
information internally and externally. The processing of information and proper
management of it can contribute significantly to the profitability, growth and
survival of an organization.
Each
manager who embraces the concept of Management Information System is accepting
the responsibility to emphasize the management and control of information.
Today’s
business owner or professional can tell that technology does in fact play a key
role in the day-to-day operations. In fact, some businesses no longer even have
a tangible presence but rather exist only in cyber-land. (Thompson, 2013) The
transformation from bricks-and-mortar business into e-business has leveled off,
but the role of Management Information System in business is undeniable.
Management
Information System focuses on the management of information to provide
efficiency and effectiveness of strategic decision making. Effiong (2014)
describes Management Information Systems as tools that help management organize
and make decisions from their data. More simply, effective MIS aids
communication. Management Information Systems strive to efficiently collect,
format and communicate information to a wide variety of people (Kamba, 2012).
Shola
(2014) notes that the benefits that accrue using Management Information Systems
shows that companies are able to identify their strengths and weaknesses due to
the presence of revenue reports and employee’s performance record. Indentifying
these aspects can help a company or organizations improve its business
processes and operations hereby giving an overall picture of the company.
Information management can help an organization gain a competitive advantage. Competitive
advantages are firm’s ability to do something better, faster, cheaper, or uniquely,
when compared with rival firms in the market. The availability of customer data
and feedback can help the organization to align its business processes
according to the needs of its customers. The effective management of customer
data can help the organization to perform direct marketing and promotion
activities.
Management
Information System as Odogwu (2013) observed are foundations for conducting
business today. Odogwu further agrees that in many organizations, survival and
even existence is difficult without extensive use of information technology.
Management Information Systems have become essential for helping organizations
operate in a global economy. This follows Dickson’s (2010) observation that
“organizations are trying to become more competitive and efficient by
transforming themselves into digital firms where nearly all core business
processes and relationships with customers, suppliers and employees are
digitally enabled. Businesses today as Idiong (2014), sees in Management
Information Systems have six major objectives as; operational excellence, new
products, services, and business models, customer/suppliers intimacy; improved
decision making; competitive advantages; and day-to-day survival.
It
is good to note that management plays a vital role in information system.
Ejiofor (1981) describes management as, “the science and art of getting things
done through other people to achieve the organizational objectives”. Management
Information Systems can only be very effective in a business organization with
effective management systems. Lundergren (1980) in support of the above
statements see management as “a force that, through decision making based on
knowledge and understanding, interrelates and integrates, appropriate linking
processes of all the elements of the organizational objectives”. The imperative
of management is rooted on its relevance and importance in helping to achieve
organization’s effectiveness and efficiency. (Udochukwu, 2008).
Management
information processes involves planning through organizing to controlling of
human and information resources to achieve a set goal. Without management
functions, it is difficult to coordinate and harmonize information.
Organization’s past and current records are kept through management information
approaches. This preserved information serves as a reference point for further
decision making in the organization. Management is very essential in all
spheres of life. As a result, learning and acquiring the skills of management
becomes imperative.
1.3 Statement of the Research Problem
There
is no doubt that a business process is a logically related set of activities
that defines how specific business tasks are performed, and such can be viewed
as a collection of business process. Business processes are concrete work flows
of materials, information and knowledge. Management Information Systems help to
represent unique ways in which management chooses to coordinate work (William,
1983).
There
is also no doubt that manager in business organizations need to pay attention
to business information process as that determines how well the organization
can execute its business, and be a potential source of strategic success or
failure. It is then expected that the use of Management Information System in
business organizations will enhance its effective management in its various dimensions.
It will help business organization to provide accurate information to aid
decision making, and also help organizations to store information successfully
for business. It will provide reliable information to identify organizations
strengths and weaknesses in business and guide management of organization on
effective monitoring of information on business trends. Based on the above
facts, the study is to evaluate the usage and effectiveness of Management
Information System in business organization management in the specific case of
Glo Commercial Services, Enugu. With the understanding that lack of information
render decision making uncertain and therefore a risk. Adequate information help in making decisions
more certain in business organization.
1.4 Research Questions
The
following research questions will guide the study:
1. Is
there any significant relationship between Management Information System and
provision of accurate information to aid decision-making?
2. Is
there any significant relationship between Management Information System and
storage of business information for successful planning?
3. Is
there any positive correlation between Management Information System and
provision of reliable information to identify strengths and weaknesses in
business?
4. Is
there any significant relationship between Management Information System and
monitoring of information for business trend?
5. Do
recommendations for training employees help to improve the application of
information system in organizations?
1.5 Objectives of the Study
The specific objectives of
the study are to:
1.
Find out whether the application of Management
Information System provides accurate information to aid decision making in Glo
Commercial Services, Enugu.
2.
Investigate whether the application of Management
Information System helps to store business information in Glo Commercial
Services, Enugu.
3.
Examine whether the application of Management
Information System provides reliable information to identify strengths and
weaknesses in Glo Commercial Services, Enugu.
4.
Find out whether application of Management
Information System guides management to monitor trend of business in Glo
Commercial Services, Enugu.
5.
Examine how far recommendations for training
of employees improve the application of Information System in Glo Commercial
Services, Enugu.
1.6 Significance of the Study
The
significance of the evaluation of Management Information System in business
organization management reflects on the fact that it helps to reveal
information on the effectiveness of Management Information System. A work of
this nature will enable management of organizations to expand their level of
awareness in the use of Management Information System in their organizations.
The
study is also important to modern organizations in business because, for them
to survive and remain competitive there must be effective Management
Information System. To the management of organizations, the study would enable
them to be sensitive to Management Information System in business
organizations.
The
study will also be important to students in the higher institutions who may
wish to carryout research in the area of Management Information System and to
lecturers as reference material.
A
work of this nature could be important to the public in general and this is
because of the knowledge they will acquire from vast number of activities
relating to Management Information Systems.
1.7 Statement of the Hypotheses
The following null
hypotheses are formulated for the study:
1.
There is no significant relationship between
the application of Management Information System and provision of accurate
information to aid decision making.
2.
There is no significant relationship between
the application of Management Information System and successful storage of
business information.
3.
There is no correlation between the
application of Management Information System and providing reliable information
to identify the strengths and weaknesses in business.
4.
There is no significant relationship between
the application of Management Information System and the monitoring of
information for business trend.
5.
There is no positive correlation between
employees training and improvement in application of Management Information
System.
1.8 Justification of the Study
The
following justifications are hereby made for the study, that:
1. Lack
of enough accurate information for decision making could lead to the need for Management
Information System in an organization.
2. The
application of Management Information System could lead to the need to store
business information for planning in an organization.
3. Monitoring
information on business trends can be done easily and less expensive with the
application of Management Information System.
4. Management
skill can perfect the use of Management Information System.
5. The
research questions employed in this study will enable the researcher to obtain
candid responses.
1.9 Scope of the Study
A
study of this kind is supposed to take a wider scope, instead of covering only
Glo Commercial Services, Enugu since it borders on the entire business organizations
in Nigeria. However the researcher decided to narrow it down to Glo Commercial
Services, Enugu. This is to enable the researcher carry out an in-depth study,
since the researcher is conversant with the environment. The researcher also
believes that the choice of Glo Commercial Services, Enugu will cover the
interest of other similar business organizations in Nigeria.
1.10 Definition
of Terms
In
order to enable the readers understand the phenomenon set out to study, the
researcher defined some of the unfamiliar technical terms which are used
operationally as follows:
1.
Evaluation:
The determination or assessment of the value of Management Information Systems in
business organization.
2.
Management: Judicious
use of information systems in business organization to accomplish its
objectives.
3.
Information:
Messages or communication used to improve business in organization.
4.
Systems:
Ways in which information is managed in business organization.
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
The
review of literature is the planning, collection, appraisal, interpretation,
deducing and recording of conclusions on the views expressed in published and
unpublished documented materials particularly related to the subject matter of
research problem. The relevant
literature will arm the researcher with the necessary tool of documented
information that will enable the researcher to better understand the subject
matter he is working on.
This
chapter reviews literature on the evaluation of Management Information System in
business organization management.
Management information shows that communication is needed to carry out
the managerial functions and for linking the organizations with its external
environment. Literature in this study is reviewed under the following
sub-themes:
2.2 Conceptual Framework
The
concept of management gives high regard to the individual and his ability to
use the information. Management
Information System gives information through data analysis. While analyzing the information, it relies on
many academic disciplines like management science, OR Organization behavior,
psychology, etc. The foundation of MIS
is the principles of management and its practice. Management information uses
the concept of management control in its design and relies heavily on the fact
that the decision maker is a human being and is a human processor of
information. A Management Information System can be evolved for a specific
objective it is evolved after systematic planning and design. It calls for an
analysis of business, management views and policies, organizing culture and
management style.
Management
Information System provides communication link that makes the activities and
responsibilities surrounding management and managers possible (Burns 1998). The
focus in Management Information System coupled with improved processing as led
to the reduction in bottlenecks attached to management process. Managers have
re-organized for years so that traditional accounting information aimed at the
calculation of profit have been or limited value for control. Yet in many
organizations, this has been virtually the only regular collected and analyzed
type of data. Managers need all kinds of non accounting information about the
external environment such as social, economic, political and technical
development. In addition, managers need non accounting information about the
external environment such as social, economic, political and technical
development. In addition, managers need non accounting information in internal
operations. The information should be
quantitative. Weihrich and Koontz (2001), defined Management Information System
as a functional system of gathering, comparing, analyzing and dispersing
internal and external information to the enterprise in a timely, effective and
efficient manner.
Management
Information System can be defined as a support to management to provide the
competitive advantage which must support the goals of the organization (Kenneth
and Jan, 2003). Management Information System use formalized procedure to
provide management at all levels in all functions with appropriate information
based on the data from both internal and external sources to enable them to
make timely and effective decision for planning, directing and controlling the
activities for which they are responsible.
An
effective Management Information System typically employs computer and other
sophisticated technology to process information and reflects the day to day
operations of the company. Based on the above facts, Management Information
System is an integrated manual computer system that provides information to
support the operations of managements and the decisions making functions of an
organization. Management Information
System is also a collection of people, procedures and devices organized to
convert data from internal and external sources into information and
communication such information in an appropriate form to management at all
levels.
In
most organizations, the Management Information System involves at least three
systems which are likely to be the following:
(a)
Personal System: It traces flow of employers
in the firm that is, those entering and leaving the firm, their pay and even
seniority location.
(b)
Commercial System: This traces the flow of
material, sub-material, etc. into and out of the firms.
(c)
Financial System: The traces flow of money
or fund, through or out of the firm.
In
some organizations, the management system is manual with units submitting
reports to upper-level manager on a regular basis. In large organizations many of MIS is
computerized.
MIS
is a system approach to management that aims to continuously increase value of
customers by designing and continuously improving organization process and
system. Thus the design and operation of MIS as key system that can provide
value to customers should be integrated to Total Quality Management (TQM) in
the organization.
Management
Information System consists more than just the latest computer hardware and
software specification. Recently information technologies have become combined
with the knowledge of telecommunication, videotext, video conference, cellular
conference and PABX (Private Automated Branch Exchange) just a few examples of
the application of the new technologies. Still picture phone have already been
introduced different parts of the world.
Historically,
managerial uses of Management Information System were focused in making
internal operations faster more accurate, more efficient. Today the more
exciting users of MIS are those that provide additional values for external
customers. Those managers, who find way to bring additional values to their
external customers with the firm Management Information System, will gain
additional market share. This study therefore, evaluated Management Information
System in business organization.
2.3 Theoretical
Framework
Theory
answers a human need to make sense of the world and to accumulate a body of
knowledge that will aid in understanding, explaining and predicting the things
we see around us, as well as providing a basis for action in the real world
(Popper, 1980).
This study relies heavily on human relations management
and systems theories.
The human relations management theory is a research
belief that people desire to be part of a supportive team that facilitates
development and growth. This means that, if employees in an organization
receive special attention and are encouraged to participate, and they are
motivated to be more productive, resulting in high quality work.
The human relations management theory began development
in the early 1920s during the industrial revolution. At this time, productivity
was the focus of business.
Professor Elton Mayo began his experiments (the
Hawthorne studies), to prove importance of people for productivity – not
machine. The result of professor Elton Mayo Hawthorne studies proved that the
factor most influencing productivity is relationships. Elton Mayor’s study
realized that productivity increased due to relationships and being part of a
supportive group where each employee’s work had a significant effect on the
team output. As a side result, Elton Mayo’s study also noticed that the
increased attention the workers received increased motivation and productivity,
which resulted in what is Hawthorne effect.
The Hawthorne experiments, Abraham Maslow and Douglas
McGregor revealed how the motivational theory ties in with the theory of human
relations. Maslow suggested five basic needs which are; physiological, safety,
love, esteem and self actualization as the motivating factors when viewing an
employee’s work values. Employees are motivated to ensure that the most
important individual needs are met in a work place.
McGregor supported motivation believes by realizing that
employees contribute more to the organization if they feel responsible and
valid.
What is the relevant of this for the concept of
Management Information System?
Quite simple, “Management”, is the effective utilization
of human and material resources to achieve the organization’s set objectives.
For example in an organization, people want to have a sense of belonging and
significance while being treated with value and respect. If employees are
treated with respect and value, there is every tendency that the productivity
and quality will increase to support the organizational team.
In an organization like the Glo Commercial Service
Enugu, the uses of Information Systems could be enhanced if the management
recognizes the importance of the employees by motivating and encouraging them
to participate, creating a good relationship with them and under the right
condition allow employees to take
initiative and make creative decisions.
The second theory is systems theory. The
systems theory offers solutions to handle complex situations of the input and
output flows. It uses theory of communication which helps to evolve a system
design capable of handling data inputs to process the outputs with the least
possible noise or distortion in transmitting the information from a source to
destination.
IT
and enterprise software
|
Use
database and knowledge base
|
Application
of principles and practices of management
|
Application
of pure and social science
|
Business
Goals and Missions
|
The
Danish information and media Scholar Niels Ole Finnmann (2001) proposed a five
stage model for the development of media in human culture, which may be seen as
a kind of systems model in which media must be understood in relation to each
other. Finnmann does not speak of an
“information society” because information and information processing is important
in any society. A society cannot exit in
which the production and exchange of information are of only minor
significance. His model looks like this:
(1)
Oral culture based mainly on speech
(2)
Literate cultures: speech + writing (primary
alphabets and number systems)
(3)
Print cultures: speech + written texts +
prints
(4)
Mass media culture: speech + written texts +
print + analogue electric media
(5)
Second-order alphabetic culture: speech +
written texts + print + analogue electric media + digital media
What is the relevance of
this for the concept of information?
Quite
simply, ‘information’ is a concept that takes different forms at different
integrative levels. When the computer
scientist manipulates information, he or she manipulates units of complexity
such as bits and bytes (with the byte having a different level of complexity
than the bit). The information retrieval specialist, on the other hand,
conceives of information in terms of strings of symbols matching of very
strings against indexed strings. The librarian sees information in terms of the
macro containers; books, reports, journals and now, electronic documents of
various kinds, and indeed of a higher level or organization, the library
itself. In other words, information itself is not a unitary concept, but has
different levels of organization, around which different theories are built and
practices evolved. Consequently, there
cannot be a unitary information science, but only different approaches to
information from the perspective of the integrative level involved (Wilson,
2012).
2.4 Literature
on the Subject Matter
2.4.1 The
Evolution of Management Information Systems
Since
its beginning, Management Information Systems have clearly been conceived as
sources of solutions for business management (Stoner, Frimen and Parasaign,
1996).
Laudon
and Jane (2009) identify the first era of Management Information System to be ruled by IBM and their mainframe
computers; these computers would often up whole rooms and require teams to run
them. IBM supplied the hardware and the
software. Laudon and Jane further
explained that as technology advanced, these computers were able to handle
greater capacities and therefore reduced their cost. Smaller, a more affordable
minicomputers allowed larger businesses to run their own computing centre
in-house.
Emergence
and expansion of Management Information Systems can be considered as the result
of effects and consequences of “computer” invention in industrial developed
Countries. The concept of Management Information Systems was first used in 1965
in management department of Minnesota University. It was, then soon adopted by
many management academic centre as a modern scientific attitude (Panalu, 2000).
Unfortunately, Management Information Systems did not progress as expected
while communication and information technology has changed and transformed a
lot during a period of less than 20 years. (Panabi, 2000).
Girdhar
(2013) noted that the second era of Management Information Systems began in
1965 as Micro processors started to compete with mainframes and minicomputers
and accelerated the process of decentralizing computing power from larger data
centre to smaller offices. According to
Girdhar (2013). In the late 1970s minicomputer technology gave
way to personal computers and relatively low cost computers were becoming mass
market commodities, allowing businesses to provide their employees access to
computing power that ten years before would have cost then thousands of
dollars. This proliferation of computers created a ready market for
interconnecting networks and the popularization of the internet (MOMENI,
2012). Kentsi (2012).
Explained
that the first micro processor- a four – bit device intended for a programmable
calculator – was introduced in 1971, and micro processor-based systems were not
readily available for several years. The MITS Attair 8800 was the first
commonly known micro processor- based system, followed closely by the Apple 1
and II. It is arguable that the microprocessor-based system did not make
significant inroads into mini computer’s used until 1975, when Visicalc.
Prompted record sales of the Apple II on which it ran. The IBM PC introduced in
1981 was more broadly palatable to business, but it limitations gated its
ability to challenge mini- computer systems until perhaps the late 1990 – 1980s
(Momeni, 2012).
As
technological complexity increased and costs decreased, Feizi (2005) identified
that the need to share information within an enterprise also grew – giving rise
to the era in which computers on a common network access shared information on
a server. This lets thousands and even
millions of people access data simultaneously. Mohammad (2013) observed that
the fourth era of Management Information Systems is the enterprise era which is
enabled by high speed networks, tied all aspects of the business enterprise
together offering rich information access encompassing complete management
structure. Every computer is
utilized. The sixth era of Management
Information Systems called Cloud Computing is the latest and employs networking
technology to deliver applications as well as data storage independent of the
configuration, location or nature of the hardware. This, along with high speed cell phone and
Wifi networks, has led to new levels of mobility in which managers may access
the Management Information Systems remotely with laptop, tablet computers and
Smart phones (Girdhar, 2013).
Okonkwo
(2014) observed that at the end of the 70s, the concept of the Management
Information Systems attempted to meet all the company’s information needs at
the strategic, tactical and operative levels, structured according to specific
predefined decision. However, in practice, these systems have not been useful
to the level managers because they generally have to deal with new situations
that require non – structured decisions for which needs are not previously
established. For this reasons, Management Information Systems are particularly
suitable to cover the information needs of low-level manager (Okoh, 2014).
Momeni,
2012) noted that, once it had become clear that comprehensive strategic
information system models were not viable, Decision Support Systems (DSS) were
introduced. These provided solutions for particular decision – making contexts,
and in the end have proved to be more suitable for certain company staff areas.
The
idea of providing regular and relevant information to high – level managers as
Okonkwo (2014) noted has attracted that attention of information systems
researcher since information technology was first introduced into
organizations. Different types of
computerized information systems have pursued this ambitious goal. Both MIS and
DSS were first offered as systems to fulfill these needs. However, many researcher like Samara, Lynn,
Kenneth Hosein and Girdhar (2010) have found that both Management Information
Systems and Decision support system, while useful for other levels in the
firm’s hierarchy, fail to satisfy the
information needs of top – level management.
The
mid-to late 1990s as Madura (2003) noted saw the revolutionary emergence of Enterprise
Resource Planning (ERP) systems. This organization – specific form of a
strategic information system, integrates all facets of a firm, including its
planning, manufacturing, sales, resource management, customer relations,
inventory control, order tracking financial management, human resources and
marketing – virtually every business function. According to Hibberd and Allison
(2004) the rapid growth of rapid growth of internet, intranets, extranets and
other interconnected global networks in the 1990s dramatically changed the
capabilities of information systems in business. Internet based and web-enabled enterprise,
global electronic business, and commerce systems are becoming common place in
the operations and management of today’s business enterprises.
In
the 1990’s the process of management has become intensive (Broadbent, Hansell
and Dampney, (1992) and organizations are now having to make change to their
information systems in order to meet the information requirements of managers
at all levels. Companies have not always
been successful in managing the changing demands of Information Technology (IT)
from the self-contained business support units of the sixties to the
distributed strategic business functions of the nineties (Selig, 1991), (Hasan
and Cheung, 1993). Organizations
continually face the trade – off between IT processing power, human effort and
different investment decisions in order to best meet organizational objectives
and opportunities (Galliers, 1991).
It
is reported that at least half of the Executive Information Systems (EIS)
developed in the nineteen – eighties have not lived up to expectations (Crockett, 1992) and that
this failure is due in part to the methodology used for their development.
2.4.2 The
tools of processing communication for management Information Systems.
Management
Information systems can be described as tools that help managers organize and
make decisions from their data. More
simply, effective management Information System aids Communication (Dickson,
2003). It is not surprising that people generally accomplish more together than
they do apart, and the old concept of collaboration and communication is still
at the cove of business. Management Information systems strive to efficiently
collect, format, and communicate information to a wide variety of people.
Mink
(2004) describes computer hardware as a term to identify the tools that we
typically see when looking at someone’s desk; the computer itself, the monitor,
the input devices such as the keyboard,
disk drive, CD-ROM and DVD – ROM, the mouse, and so on. He further stated that there are also the
components inside the computer that stove and process the data that is entered
into the systems.
There are
all kinds of computers that range from mainframe computers to handhelds. Mainframe computers are large computers that
are mainly used by companies to manager bulk data processing - they are very
powerful and very expensive. Handhelds,
or Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), are small, increasingly inexpensive,
portable devices that allow the regular consumer to connect calendars, e-mail
accounts, phone books, telephones, games, cameras, and much more. The real power and use of what the computer
can do, however, is largely a function of the software that is installed into
various systems. The most fundamental of
the software functions is the operating system (OS) that runs the
computer. Examples of the (OS) operating
system include windows XP, Windows 2000, Linux Mac OC, and UNIX (Dickson,
2003).
The
software directs the computer to perform very specific tasks such as creating a
financial spreadsheet/statement/model, preparing a slide presentation, or
writing a document on a word processing program. Specific applications software includes
programmes such as Microsoft’s Word (Word Processing), Power Point
(Presentations), and Excel (financial spreadsheets).
Mink
(2004) observed that nowadays all organizations use computers, usually personal
computers (PCS). Large organizations employ diverse computer systems including
mainframes, minicomputers and most commonly, PCS. However, recent advances in the technical
specifications of PCS now means that they perform many of the tasks initially
done by minicomputers, and the difference between these two categories is
becoming increasingly blurred.
The
three computer types have a similar arrangement. The component controlling all
the system’s unit is the central processor, which carries out the instructions
given by a programme. Other devices are used
to introduce data (Keyboard and mouse) and produce the system’s output
(printers).
Many
organizations information system are used as a vehicle for delivery databases.
A database is a collection of interrelated data, such as an organization’s
human resource or product databases (Garcia, 2000). The customer database is e4xtremely valuable
to organizations since it can be used to inform clients of new products or to
develop new products that meet their needs.
A database must be organized so it can be accessed according to its
content; for example, an order may be given to retrieve the names and addresses
of customers that were invoiced for totals in excess of one million in the
previous years. Databases are managed by
software system known as database management systems (DBMS).
According
to Laudon and Laudon (2010).
Telecommunications are the means by which information is transmitted
electronically over long distances.
Nowadays, computer systems are generally connected by telecommunications
networks. Various network connections are available to suit the needs of
different companies. In a small company, PCS are connected by local networks
(LAN), enable their users to communicate and share data, tasks and
equipment. Wide area networks (WAN) are
used to connect computers at greater distances, either within the company or in
a different location. Internet, the network of networks’ links up an immense
variety of networks from divers fields worldwide (mink, 2004). These
connections enable PC users to access the organization’s databases and other
computerized resources.
“As
Garacia (2000) observed, two types of human resources can be distinguished;
information systems specialists and end users.
Information systems specialists include system analysis, programmes and
operators. End users are the people who use the information system or the
output they generate, in other words, the large majority of organization.
Procedures
are the policies and methods that must be followed when using, operating and
maintaining an information system.
Procedures must be used, for example, to establish when to run the
organization’s payroll programme, to determine how many times it should be run,
who is authorized to do so and who has access to the reports it produces (Gracia,
2000).
2.4.3 Objectives
of management Information System
Robert
(2000) explains the objectives of Management Information System as the
provision of information to all levels. Management at the most appropriate time
at an acceptable level of accuracy and at an economical cost, such information
is used in the decision making process for modifying the state of system by
taking appropriate action. An essential requirement of MIS is feedback which is
the process of communicating a system measured output to control system which
generates effective control system, normally a manager in respect of business
system. It is these factors which allow the state of a system to be modified.
2.4.4 Elements
of Management Information System
The
elements of Management Information System are the inputs/outputs, control,
storage and process.
Input:
This includes the keyboard, the data users, punch cards, computer operation and
programmes.
Processing:
Processing refers to the task performed before the input is generated into
output.
Output:
This is the result generated after processing the input.
Storage:
Storage refers to the main and auxiliary memory. The storing of data is the
basis of the information system.
Control:
This refers to the various measures taken to ensure timeliness, accuracy and
cost effectiveness.
2.4.5 Classification of Good Information
According
to Bardhan (2006): Information has many characteristics and can be classified
in many ways. The following gives some
examples of such classifications.
By
sources: This relates to where the origination of such information emanates. It
may be internal, external, primary, secondary, government reports and so on.
(i)
By nature: Here information classification
is viewed in the way in which its form is being seen. It can be quantitative, qualitative, formal
or informal.
(ii) By
time: This type of classification focuses attention on the question e.g. when
was the information produced: Or the period it is needed. It can be historical,
present or future.
(iii) By
use: This classification refers to the use the information can be put
especially in management process, which can be planning or control of decision
making.
(iv) By
form: This classification explains the explicit patter under which information
is being gotten and made to flow (transfer from one location or one person to
another) such information could be written, oral, visual, sensory, etc.
2.4.6 Characteristics
of a Good Information System
According
to Hamlet (2002), effective Management Information System posses numerous qualities
among which are the following:
(i) Relevance:
This type of information characteristics is of the truth. The overriding
quality information must be relevant to the problem being considered; though
information may take different forms. Examples are reports, messages,
tabulation, etc. the positive effect it has on the problem or needs at hand
will mainly be the functions of its relevance otherwise. The absence of this
quality relevant will make understanding of message more difficult and may
eventually cause frustration to the user.
(ii) Accuracy:
Information should be sufficiently accurate for it to be relied upon by those
in the management term and for the purpose for which it is intended. Even
though absolute accuracy may not be obtainable, yet the level of accuracy must
be related to the decision level involved. Also, accuracy should not be
confused with precision. Information may
be inaccurate but precise or vice-versa.
(iii) Time:
Good information is, that which is communicated in time to be used. The time of regular produced information is
essentially important in this regards. In fact, information should be produced
at a frequency which is related to the type of decision or actually involved.
(iv) Details:
Information should contain the least amount of details consistent with
effective decision making. The level of detail usually varies with the level in
the organization.
2.4.7 Problems of Implementing a Computer based
Management Information System
Dickson
(1970) identified some major factors that determine whether the information of
a new MIS will be resisted and to what event they are:
(i) Disrupting
of established department boundaries: The establishment of a new MIS often
results in change in several organizations units.
(ii) Participation:
In designing and implementing MIS features user should be made members of the
MIS team operating managers, in particular they should have a particular say in
the item to be included. The disposition of the entire information and possible
job modification, if the entire design and implementation process is taken over
by technology.
(iii) Communication:
The aim and characteristics of the system should be communicated to all members
of the MIS team as well as the users.
(iv) Redefinition
of Performance Measurement: A new MIS may modify a manager’s job to the point
where old methods of performance evaluation no longer apply or is no longer
applicable. For this reason MIS calls for proper evaluation.
Therefore, a new MIS may liberate middle managers from
many boring and routine task and may also give them the opportunity to use the
information provided by the system in more creative and productive ways.
2.4.8 Problems
of Management Information System in Nigeria
The
users of MIS results into a situation where a relatively little success in
providing management with information is achieved and the following reasons are
responsible:
1. Lack
of management involvement in the design of MIS.
2. Narrow
and/or inappropriate emphasis of the computer system.
3. Undue
concentration on low level data processing application.
4. Lack
of management knowledge of computer.
5. Poor
appreciation by information specialist of management information requirement
and organizational problems.
6. Lack
of top management support.
2.4.9 Benefits
of Management Information System
Linda
(2003) proposes that successful implementation of MIS would possibly bring the
following:
1. Possible
clerical cost reduction
2. Improved
processing demonstrated by more accurate results.
3. Intangible
benefits such as customer relationship.
4. Improved
work environment and job satisfaction.
2.4.10
Limitation of Management Information System in Nigeria
Although
information system plays a vital role in modern organization, they are not with
their limitations. In particular, information systems have some basic
limitations, Keneth and Landon (2001).
1. Information
systems are expensive and difficult to develop and implement.
2. Information
systems are not suitable for all tasks or problems.
3. Information
provided to managers may not be as accurate, timely, complete or relevant as it
appears.
4. Managers
may have unrealistic expectations of what information systems can do.
2.4.11 The
History of Computers
Nonyelum
(2003) notes, that although the computer is relatively recent innovation, its
development rests on centuries of research thought and discovery. Advances in
information – processing technology are responses to growing need to find
better, faster, cheaper, and more reliable methods of handling data. The search for better ways to store and process
data is now new: Kathleen (1987) observed
that, early counting devices could not allow people to keep track of the answer
to solved problems. The separate inventions, discoveries, and events that led
to the creation of modern computers span the ages. Kathleen (1987) says that our fore fathers
were using their fingers and toes, which was difficult when counting large
number of items. This limitation made them to seek for another method of
counting their properties and so they started using tiny stones and pebbles,
sticks cut to smaller sixes etc. Perhaps
the first counting devices were pebbles laid in line in sand. Ancient shepherds
tied knots in the pieces of string, or groups of stones, to keep account of
device known as “abacus” was one of the earliest known computer device which
uses beads strung on wives to aid in addition and subtractions. It was
developed in Chain in 500 BC by the Chinese and Japanese; it was used for
mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division. Davis (1985) further says that
the computer was having difficulty in performing multiplications and division
operations. It has a rectangular frame
with sticks / wires on which the counters are tired. The readings are left at
the left hand side of the abacus.
In
the early 1600s, John Napier developed a sort of portable multiplication table
called NAPIER’S BONES/RODA. The device was made of ivory rods resembling bones
by sliding the rods up and down, vampire is rod performed multiplication and
division. This device eventually led to the invention of the slide rule in the
mid 1600s. These tolls were far from being automatic, they still requited
direct human manipulation (Kathleen, 1987).
In
the mid 1600s, William Ought red invented the slide Rule. A rule with
tabulation used in mathematical operations.
It was able to perform addition and subtraction, but was having problems
with multiplications and division. Also in the mid 1600s, Blaise Pascal, a
French Mathematician, invented an adding machine called the Pascaline. This machine was based on the decimal system.
Much liked an Odometer. It keeps track of a car’s mileage, the Pascaline used a
series of eight rotating gear, or notched wheels. Each wheel stood at one place, in ones, tens,
hundreds and so on. As the first wheel counted out ten digits (one complete
turn) a pin on its edge would rotate the next, and so on. Unfortunately the market for the Pascaline
never grew. Only fifty Pascalines were
built. Pascal was the only person who
could repair his machine. Not minding that clerks and accountants would not use the
machine. They were afraid it might do
away their jobs. Even though Pascal’s
machine never became popular, he was honoured for his role in computer
history.
According
to Ives, Davis and Rock (1980). About fifty years later, in 1694, the German
Mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibnitz took Pascal’s idea a step
further. He developed a chine that not
only added and subtracted, but also could multiply, divide, and extract square
roots (The stepped Rockoner). Although the machine did not become widely used, almost
every mechanical calculator built during the next 150 years was based on its
design. Both machines, however, needed
to be changed manually for each different mathematical operation.
In
the late 1700s, Joseph Jacquard developed a way of recording each loom setting
by using holes punched in card. A
particular set of holes in a card corresponded to each loom setting (Wuma,
2000). Wuma further stated that Jacquard
later designed a loom that could reach the punched cards, or instructions, and
translate them into appropriate loom setting.
By linking a series of cards together, an entire fabric could be woven
without adjustments by the operator. The loom was used to weave a portrait of
Jacquard, a process that required more than 12,000 punched cards. These sets of punched card instructions were
the fore runner of computer programmes.
It tells the machine what to do without changing machine in any way.
In
1822 Charles Babbage built a working model of his first idea, called ‘the
difference engine’ Charles Babbage, an English Mathematician was the first to
plan automatic calculating machines. He wanted his machines to build tables
showing the results of complex mathematical operations quickly and accurately (Wuma, 2000). However, he was unable to build a large
version. Parts for the large machine
were too hard to make in Babbage’s day.
Babbage lost interest in the project when he began a new one, the
analytical engine. The steam powered machine which was designed to receive
instructions and input from coded, punched cards. It would add, subtract, multiply and
divide. It also would store the results
and print them automatically. But
Babbage died before he could construct a working model of the analytical engine (Cathleen, 1987).
Mandell
(1992) observed that the punched – card concept from the weaving industry was
put to good use at the end of the 1800s by Dr. Herman Hollerith, a statistician.
Mandell (1992) also stated that the US government was encountering problems in
trying to process data gathered in the census. The last census, taken in 1880,
needed seven and half years of manual calculations. Significant population increases since then
would make manual processing of the next census almost unthinkable. Hollerith developed the fore runner of
today’s standard computer card. This coding scheme, called the Holerith code,
permitted specially designed machines to sort the census data according to the
census takers’ needs. This invention reduced the time required to process in
two and half years, despite a population increase of three million. Holerith’s
company, the Tabulating machine company, later became the International
Business Machine Corporation (IBM).
Wuma
(2000) stated that Mechanical accounting machine, key-driven and hand-cranked
adding machine were invented at the same time Hollerith’s code was
introduced. During the late 1920s and
early 1930s, more advanced accounting machines evolved. These machines could
read from punched cards, keep records and handle many other jobs. But the
mechanical parts just worked too slowly to handle the growing loads of data.
It
is on record as Randolph (2013) observed that Even before computers were
invented, a woman became the first “programmer”. She was Ada Augusta Byron, Countess of
Lovelace and the daughter of the Romantic Poet Lord Byron. She was also a genius in Mathematics, she
began working with Charles Babbage in 1842, planning sets of coded – card
programmes for his analytical engine and writing about his work. She added her
own ideas too. One of her ideas led to the invention of the loop. (Randolph, 2013).
By
1944, a team headed by Howard Aiken at Harvard University produced the “Mark
1”. The machine was controlled by paper tapes and read data from punched
cards. Consisting of seventy-eight
accounting machines, it contained 500 miles of writing. It was three times as
large as a living room and weighed five tons (Kathleen, 1987). Kathleen further stated that, the “Mark 1”
was an automatic calculator, not a computer. It could multiply ten-place
numbers in three seconds. Its mechanical parts made a loud, clacking noise. The
U.S. Navy used it to figure data needed to design and fire weapons until the
end of World War II. In many ways, the
Mark 1 was like the analytical engine first drafted by Charles Babbage more
than 100 years earlier (Mandell, 1992).
Several
years before the Mark 1, was finished, John Vincent Atanasoftt, a professor of
mathematics at Iowa State University and his assistant, Clifford Berry, built a
computer that solve large and complex equation as existing calculators called
Atanasoft.
Berry
Computer (ABC) which was the first electronic digital computer (Wuma,
2000). World War II prompted demands for
machines that could keep track of war equipment that thousands of military men
and women engaged in the war. Also needed where machines that would solve
weaponry and decoding problems. In
England, Alan Turning began work as early as 1939 on an electronic digital
computer could colossus and code-named ULTRA.
This machine could decode secret German war messages churned out by
Germany’s mechanical encoder, Enigma many people believe ULTRA’s power won the
wars for the Allies.
In
Philadelphia according to Randolph (2013), J. Presper Eckert, Jr. and John
Mauchly built a computer based on Atanasoff’s ideas. Backed by the US Army and assisted secretly
by Turning, the two men built ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer) Randolph further described the ENIAC as huge and weighed thirty tons
and covered as much floor space as half a tennis court. It could perform in three-thousandths of a
second a problem that the MARK 1 required three seconds to solve. The ENIA was
so fast that scientists thought just seven computers like it could handle all
the calculations the world would ever need.
Okeke
(2003) in her book “introduction to computer and Basic programming” stated that
the ULTRA, the ABC computer, and the ENIAC all depend on electric currents
rather than moving mechanical parts. Electric currents have only two states
“on” and “off”. Thus, the binary number
system, a system based only on two digits, 1 and 0 (on and off), was used to
make the machines work.
The
ENIAC was discovered not to store instructions as modern computers can;
instead, it was programmed by setting many switches by hand. John Von Neumann then translated step-by –
step instructions into electronic code using machine language. The instructions then could be stored in the
computer’s memory once computers had this capability.
According
to Wuma (2000) the first commercial electronic computer known as the UNIVAC
(universal Automatic computer) was developed by Munchly and Eckert, Munchly and
Eckert also worked on EDVAC (Electronic Discrete variable Automatic Computer)
at the university of Pennsylvania and some scientist at Cambridge University in
England were building EDSAC (Electronic Delay storage Automatic Computer). The EDSAC received the title of the first
stored programme computer, although it was completed only a few months before
the EDVAC.
In
1951, the first UNIVAC 1 replaced IBM equipments at the US census Bureau. Another
UNIVAC was installed at General Electronics Appliance Park in Louisville,
Kentucky. For the first time, business firms saw the possibilities of computer
data processing. It was huge, costly to buy, expensive to power and often
unreliable. They were slow with limited memory capacity. They were developed with vacuum tubes for
internal operations.
2.4.12 Generations of Computer as Part of Management
Information System
Nonyelum
(2003) stated that other developments since the EDVAC have focused on speed,
sizes and cost. These developments are usually divided into five categories: as
first, second, third, fourth and fifth generation computers.
2.4.13 The First
Generation Computers: 1950s (1951 –
1958)
Okeke
(2003). Pointed out that, improvements in computer capabilities are grouped in
generations based upon the electronic technology available at the time. She
went further to say that the first generation of computers began with the sales
of the first commercial electronic computer called UNIVAC 1 which was developed
by Mauchly and Eckert. In 1951, the first UNIVAC 1 replaced IBM equipments at
the U.S census Bureau. According to Okeke (2003) another UNIVAC was instilled
at General Electric’s Appliance firms saw the possibilities of computer data
processing. Nonyelum (2003) pointed out
that before the UNIVAC 1; Computers had been one-of-a kind machines developed
for specific scientific and military work.
These uses earned for computers the nickname “number crunchers”. The
UNIVAC 1, however, was dedicated to business data-processing applications. For
the first time, businesses were exposed to the possibilities of computer data processing
(Okeke, 2004).
The
UNIVAC 1 and other first – generation computers were aged, costly to buy,
expensive to power, and often unreliable. They were slow compared to today’s
computers, and their memory capacity was limited. The depended upon the first – generation
technology of vacuum tubes for internal operations. The masses of vacuum tubes
took up a lot of space and generated considerable heat, requiring air –
conditioned environment. Vacuum tubes
are similar to light bulbs, through which electricity can pass. They can be
found in old radio and television sets. Some computers contained more than 18,
vacuum tubes, weighing nearly thirty-five tones. The masses of tubes took up a
lot of space and gave off considerable heart, much as light bulbs do. Special
air conditioning had to be installed to cool the tubes. According to Okeke,
(2004), Vacuum tubes could switch on and off thousands of times per second, but
one tube would fail about every fifteen minutes. Too much time was wasted
hunting for the burned – out tube.
Punched cards were used to enter data into the machines. Memory consisted of magnetic drums, cylinders
coated with magnetizable material. A drum rotated at high speeds while a device
was posed just above it either to write on the drum by magnetizing small spots
to read from it by detecting spots already magnetized. Then results of
processing were punched on blank cards.
Mandell
(1992) noted that another development during this period concerned
software. Early first-generation
computers were given instructions coded in machine language that is a code that
designates the electrical states in the computer as combinations of Os and IS. Preparing the programme or commanding
instructions were extremely tedious and errors were common. In order to
overcome the difficulty, symbolic languages were developed. Symbolic language use mnemonic symbols to
represent instructions. Although first –
generation computers were much faster than earlier mechanical devices, they
were slow compared to today’s computers
(Wuma, 2000).
According
to Randolph (2013) in the early 1950s, the public was not yet aware of the
amazing computing machine. This changed
with the 1952 presidential election.
After analyzing only 5 percent of the failed vote, a UNIVACT computer
predicted that Dwight David Eisenhower would defeat Adlai E. Stevenson CBS
doubled the accuracy of the prediction and did not release the information to
the public until the election results were confirmed by actually counting the
votes. The electronic prediction became
the first in a burgeoning trend that has cultivated in today’s controversy
about predicting election result from East coast before polls closed on the
west coast. Business acceptance of computers
grew quickly. In 1953 Remington Rand and IBM led the infant industry, having
placed a grant total of mine installations. But by the late 1950s. IBM alone
had leased one thousand of its first – generation computer (Randolph, 2013).
2.4.14
Second Generation Computer: 1960s
(1959-1964)
For
hardware advances led to the second – generation computers of the early
1960s: the transistor, magnetic core
memory, magnetic tapes, and magnetic disks (Nonyelum, 2003). Transistors
replaced the vacuum tubes of first generation machines. Using transistors in
computers resulted in smaller, faster, and more reliable machines that used
less electricity and generated much less heat than the first –generation
computers. Nonyelum (2003), also noted that just as transistors replaced vacuum
tubes as primary electronic components, magnetic cores replaced magnetic drums
as memory units. Magnetic cores consisted of tiny rings of magnetic material
strung on five wires. Each magnetic core was placed at the intersection of a
vertical and horizontal wire. To turn on
a core, half the electricity needed was run through each wire. Thus, only at the intersection of specific
wires would a core become charged.
According
to Okeke (2004). The development of magnetic cores resulted from the US. Navy’s need for a more advanced, reliable
high-speed flight trainer known as “Whirlwind 1”. The Navy Project was one of the most
innovative and influential projects in the history of the computer. Because of the high speed with which
instructions and data could be located and retrieved using magnetic cores. The development led to other real-time
functions such as air traffic control, factory management, and battle
simulations.
2.4.15
The Third Generation Computer: Late 1960s (1965-1970)
At
the same time that transistors were replacing vacuum tubes, Jack S. Kilby of
Texas instruments and Rober Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor were separately
developing the integrated circuit (IC). Using separated methods, they
discovered that the components of electronic circuits would be replaced
together or integrated onto small chips (Wuma, 2000). The chips marked the
beginning of third – generation computers that used less power, cost less, and
were smaller and much more reliable than previous machines. Mandell (1992)
observed that the advance in electric circuits led to the development of
minicomputers. These computers had the
same features of full-sized computers but on a smaller scale.
Mandell
further stated that another third-generation idea was the remote terminal. Use
of remote terminals also became common.
Remote terminals are computer terminals that are located some distance
away from a main computer and linked to it through cables such as telephone
lines. According to Ives, Davis and Rock
(1980), noted that a major third-generation innovation resulted when IBM
realized that its company was turning out too many incompatible products. The
company responded to the problem by designing the system/360 computers, which
offered both scientific and business applications and introduced the family
concept of computers. The first series consisted of six computers designed to
run the same programmes and use the same input, output, and storage equipment.
Each computer offered a different memory capacity. For the first time, a
company could buy a computer and feel that its investment in programmes and
peripheral equipment would not be wasted when the time comes to move to a
machine with a larger memory. Davis and Rocks further explained that other
manufacturers followed IBS’s lead and before long, more than 25,000 similar
computer systems were installed in the United States.
The
software industry also began to emerge in the 1960s. Programmes to perform
payroll, billing, and other business tasks became available at fair low
costs. Yet software was rarely free of
‘bugs’ or errors. (Mink, 2004) mink
further noted that computer industries experienced growing pains as the
software industry lagged behind advances
in hardware technology. The rapid advancement in hardware meant that old
programmes had to be rewritten to suit the circuitry of the new machines, and
programmers skilled enough to do this were scarce. Software problems led to a
glut of computer error horror stories.
2.4.16 Fourth Generation Computer: 1970s and 1980s (1971-1980s) According to Randolph (2013) Computers
referred to as fourth-generation computers have significant improvements in
performance at lower prices than third-generation computers. Such improvements
include increased speeds, greater reliability, and greater storage capacities,
approaching billions of characters-all made possible by large-scale integrated
circuitry. The emphasis is on ease of use and applications, often called being
user-friendly.
Randolph
(2013) revealed that Ted Hoff, an engineer at Intel Corporation, “introduced an
idea that resulted in a single, programmable unit – the micro processor, or
computers on chip”. A microprocessor is
the brain of the micro-procomputer. It is beginning to appear in many of the
devices people use every day, such as microwave ovens, sewing machines,
thermostats, and automobiles. He packed the arithmetic and logic circuitry
needed for computations onto one microprocessor chips. Mink (2004) described the development of the
microprocessor to have led to a boom in computer manufacturing that gave
computing power to homes and schools in the form of microcomputers. Mink (2004) explained that as microcomputers
became more popular, many companies began producing software that could be run
on the smaller machines. One important software development was the first
electronic spreadsheet for microcomputers, visicalc, introduced in 1970
(Randolph, 2013). Visicalc vastly increased the possibilities for using micro
computers in the business world. Today,
a wide variety of software exists for micro computer applications in business,
school and personal use. Dickson (2003) observed that out of the micro
processors grew the micro computer.
Tandy Corporation’s Radio Shack division released the first commercial
microcomputer the TRS – 80 – in September 1977.
In the same year, the commodore and Apple micro computers were
introduced. The IBM personal computer was released almost four years later in
August 1981.
Dickson
(2003) further identified later computers to include the Apple II3, and IIC, the
Macintosh, the commodore 64, Atari 800 and many more.
2.4.17 Fifth
Generation Computer 1980s – Today
William,
Keller and Wolchik (2007) noticed that, unlike other generations of computer
processing today that mainly performs arithmetic operations, the fifth –
generation of computer is programmed to human thinking and perform
logically. Users and able to easily
communicate with these computers simply by using their native language (that is
English) Fifth generation computer are based on artificial intelligence.
These
computers are programmed to initiate the human qualities of creativity,
judgment, and intuition (Okeke, 2003).
2.4.18 Computers
and Information Processing
Yesterday’s
computers were tools for scientists, mathematicians and engineers. When
computers became commercially available, only the largest businesses acquired
them, often simply for the prestige of owning one (House, Wiliam, 2014). Today according to House and William, many
businesses and organizations own computers although they have different types
of computers and use them for many different purposes.
Two
terms, which are probably the most used in relation to computers, are hardware
and software. Hardware, the tangible parts of a computer, ranges from equipment
that fills a large room to computers that fit on your cap. Hardware also
includes peripheral devices that can be attached to the computer, such as a
printer or a storage device. Software
consists of the instructions given to the computer that enable it to do things,
such as finding the best sport to drill for oil, or playing a competitive game
of bridge. These computer instructions are also called programmes. Both hardware and software play a critical
role in information processing; without them, information processing would not
be possible. (Keller, 1998). Okoye
(2014) observed that many people use the terms data processing and information
processing interchangeable, yet the two have a subtle difference in meaning.
Data processing refers to the Steps involved in collecting. Manipulating, and distributing data to
achieve certain goals. Data processing
can be performed manually or electronically. Using computers for data
processing is called Electronic Data processing (EDP). The term data processing
according to Okoye (2014) historically has been used to men EDP. The objective
of all data processing, whether manual or electronic, is the conversion of data
into information that can be used in making decision. The term information processing includes all
the steps involved in converting data into information; thus it includes data
processing as well as the process of converting data into information. Keller (1998) explained that, CPU, RAM, ROM;
hard copy, hard disk, Modem, LAN, data base, Laser printer, desktop publishing,
bits, bytes; are all terms that pertain to the ever changing technology of
computers. Computers are changing our
language, our habits, our environment and, in general, our lives. No longer are
computer experts the only people who interact with computers on a daily basis.
House and William (2014) observed that in our current world computers
indirectly or directly affect nearly all our lives daily. Effiong (2015)
described data to be organized before it can be processed positively, for that
reason, data items according to Effiong are placed in the following groups:
(i)
Bit:
The symbol that represent ‘On and off’
The bit is the smallest units of data a
computer can process
(ii)
Character: Combinations of bits used to
represent symbols in computer
(iii)
Field:
a collection of related characters that conveys a unit of information in
the computer.
(iv)
Record: a collection of fields that relate
to a single unit in the computer
(v)
File:
a grouping of related records in the computer
(vi)
Database:
a database consolidates various independent files into one integrated
unit in the computer.
William,
Keller and Wolchik (2007) noted that, in order to change data into information,
data must be manipulated, processed all processing follows the same basic flow,
input, processing, and output as follows:
(i)
Input: Which
is the process of capturing data and putting it in a form that the computer can
“understand”? Input includes both the data that is to be manipulated and the
software to do that. Data can be input to computer by typing on a keyboard,
using a scanning device such as the counter-mounted scanners found in grocery
stores, speaking into a microphone connected to the computer or running a
magnetic tape or disk.
Effiong
(2015) explained that once the data has been input, it is processed, processing
occurs in the part of the computer called the central processing unit (CPU).
Effiong further stressed that, the CPU includes the circuitry needed for
performing arithmetic and logical operations and memory. The memory is the
internal area of the computer that holds programmes and data used in immediate
processing.
(ii)
Output:
after data has been processed according to some or all of the steps,
information can be distributed to users. There are two types of outputs ‘soft
copy and hard copy’. Soft copy is the information that is seen on a television
like screen or monitor attached to computer.
It is temporary, as soon as the monitor is turned off or new information
is required, the old information vanishes.
Hard coy is output printed in a tangible form such as on paper or microfilm. It can be read without using the computer and
can be conveniently carried around. Written on, or passed to other readers.
According
to Odogwu (2014). Information processing
is monitored and evaluated in a step called ‘feedback’. Sometimes, the information provided through
processing may lose its effectiveness.
Feedback is the process of evaluating the output and making adjustments
to the input or to the processing steps to ensure that the processing continues
to result in good valid information. Odogwu (2014) further explains that
information systems are found in businesses as well as at homes, computing
environments and anywhere data are processed into information. An information
system is designed to provide information needed for decisions. Sometimes, when a system is not working
properly, attempts at correction are made in a haphazard fashion. (Effiong, 2015).
2.4.19 Characteristics
and Impact of Computer in Management Information Systems.
Ogbonnaya
(2015) describes characteristics of Computer as the existing features computer
has which other data processing machines do not possess. According to Ogbonnaya
some of these characteristics are speed, accuracy, reliability, flexibility,
adaptability, economy among others. Ogbonnaya (2015) further explained some of
these characteristics as follows:
(i)
Speed: The speed of computer is controlled by a number
of physical factors. First, the switching speed of its electronic components,
such as switching the state from on to off or switching the direction the
direction travels, affects the speed of the computer. A second factor is the
distances that electric currents must travel within the circuits. By packing
circuits closer together and increasing the switching speed, engineers have
been able to increase the speed of computers vastly. Ogbonnyaya further stated
that modern Computers can perform millions of instructions per second. This is
why computer speeds are sometimes discussed in terms of millions instructions per
second. Computer speed is also measured
in terms of nanoseconds and other small units such as Picoseconds, Microsecond,
Milli second, Nano second etc. Today’s processors can perform from 35 million
to 150 million instructions per second.
(ii)
Accuracy:
Ogbonnaya (2015) describes the accuracy of computer as the inherent reliability
of its electronic components. The same
type of current passed through the same circuits, yields the same results each
time. This aspect of circuit according
to Ogbonnaya (2015) is noticed every time we switch on an electric device. When
we turn on a light switch a light comes on, not a radio or fan. The computer is reliable for the reasons its
circuitry is reliable. A computer can run for hours, days, and weeks at a time,
giving accurate results for millions of activities, if the data submitted to
the computer are faulty, the computer will not produce correct results.
(iii)
Storage: Besides being very fast and reliable,
computers can store large amounts of data (Odogwu, 2014) some data is held in
memory varies among computers some small computers hold as few as 16,000
characters, whereas large computer can hold billions of characters. Data can
also be recorded on magnetic disks and tapes; this storage makes a computer’s
“memory’ almost limitless. Storage holds data that is immediately needed by
computer Odogwu (2014) further explained that ability of computer to store,
retrieve, and process data – all without human intervention – separates it from
a simple calculator and gives its power and appeal of humans. While humans can
perform the same functions as the computer, the difference is that the computer
can reliably execute millions of instructions in a second and store the results
in an almost unlimited memory Ogbonnaya (2015) noted that we are currently in
the midst of a computer revolution. The computer’s ability to store, retrieve,
and analyze data at tremendous speed and at low cost has made possible space
travel, electronic banking, and body scanners. Ogbonnaya further stated that the
potential of computers continue to decrease, while human labour cost increases,
additional uses for the computer seem inevitable.
(iv) Reliability:
Computer is reliable as it gives an accurate result. The programmer or the
users cause the errors or inaccuracy observed in computer processing (Effiong,
2015). If a valid data is given to the system, it gives valid information, but
when an invalid data is given to the system for processing, it will definitely
give invalid result information. Computer is not liable to fatigue like humans
or other machines and so it is reliable in all terms especially in productivity
except when it develops a fault.
(v)
Versatility:
Computer has wide range of application areas used in processing its versatility
is seen in the amount of tasks it performs, the number of application, package
it does, etc. It can be able to do this through the software installed on it
for problem solving (Dickson, 2003). This aspect of computer characteristics
Dickson observed is in use of computer; computer can be used in almost all
aspect of life due to the programme with which it is programmed.
(vi)
Economical
nature of Computer: When
considering the various tasks computer does, its cost is seen as cheap for it
can do what humans can do in several days under an hour. (Ogbonnaya, 2015)
According to Effiong (2015). Even if computer is said to be expensive, the
amount of work it does makes it considerably cheap. There is no much waste in
computer processing/jobs, unlike in other data processing machines or system.
Nonyelum
and Okeke’s study (as cited in Coltheart, Brown and LaRue, 2010) observed that
we are currently in the midst of a computer revolution. The computer’s ability
to store, retrieve, and analyze data at tremendous speeds and low cost which
has made possible space travel, electronic banking, and body scanning. The
potential of computers seems unlimited, new uses are found everyday. As the
cost of computer continues to increase, human labour cost increase; additional
uses for the computer seem inevitable.
2.4.20 Users of computers in the management of
Business Organizations
The
greatest impact of computer has been on business. Computer can process
information in a fraction of the time it would take to perform the same types
of calculations manually (Brown, 2013). Brown further noted that in any
business, large or small, computer can be used to reduce paper work, thereby
reducing the cost of performing routine transactions. Business activities
includes controlling, inventory levels, billing customers for services and
products, calculating payrolls and taxes, paying for inventory and supplies,
providing reports to managers, and supporting a host of other business
functions (Hardy and Davidson, 2011). Computer system can be used to perform
all sorts of business transactions and thus increases the efficiency of a
company’s operations. Hardly a day goes by that we are not confronted by a
computer – generated business transaction. Each time we visit the bank, buy
clothing, pay a bill, or buy gasoline for our cases, a computer is behind the
scene recording each transaction. Even a visit to a fast – food restaurant
involves computer transactions (Charles, 2007).
Akpan
(2004) noted that offices are becoming automated, making data processing,
communications, and other functions to be computerized. Word processing is an automated activity that
greatly reduces paper work. In addition, electronic mail, teleconferencing and
information retrieval are common in today’s business world. Computers are
currently used for communications within a business. Hardly and Davidson (2011)
argue that electronic mail may someday replace most regular mail, commercial
electronic mail services are offered by GTE telenet (Telemail), among others.
Messages are sent at high speed through special computer hardware. According to
Nonyelum (2003). Computer through the
use of television – like devices can hold meetings so employee can watch and
hear the other speakers. Although a teleconference saves time and travel
expenses. It is expensive. It also makes executive aware of small things
like Mosby hair and crooked ties. Brown (2013) stated that people in business
offices make decisions, they need information to make good decisions and automated
office computer systems allow the workers to access data through computer.
Authorized users get information almost instantly. They can decide what action to take without
waiting. Brown further explained that business offices may be linked to a
central computer by a local network. This linking of equipment allows many
users to access the data and use computer power.
Okeke
(2003) says computers are changing the way we shop. In some stores, it is possible to make all
our shopping choices through a computer.
Instead of browsing through a store, you browse through a computer’s
contents of items available. One can
place order into the computer and the goods delivered to you in the store or at
your home. It is like shopping with a
computerized catalog. Akpan (2004) observed that computers help doctors do
their jobs faster and more accurately. In hospitals, computers keep records,
monitor patients, schedule operations, order suppliers, bill patients and pay
employees. In his hand book Ngene (1997)
identify computers to help doctors diagnose illnesses. One diagnostic method is
multiphasic health testing (MPHT). When
a patient goes to a centre that does MPHT, a family medical history is
completed. Then tests are run chest X ray, blood tests, pain tests and so forth.
A computer compares the test results and medical history with normal standards.
The centre’s doctor adds comments. The patient then discusses the final results
with the family doctor. This type of testing can help to prevent health
problems.
2.4.21 Tools To Share Data on Management
Information Systems in Business Organization.
In the
words of Madura (2003) Microsoft Word is one of the most basic software tools
and is commonly used. It is a word processing application that allows users to
input, store, retrieve, edit, print and share various types of documents. These
documents can also be easily attached to e-mail messages and sent to various
locations where collaborators can work on the same document Microsoft word also
has an editorial tool that allows users working collaboratively to track and
illustrate changes to a document without altering the integrity of the
document. Okeke (2013) agrees that Word is an effective tool in a Management
Information Systems because it is facilitating the way a business operates.
Word processing technology can to same time, share documents, stored,
transmitted, word on and printed effectively (Mandura, 2013). Mink and Mary
(2004) in their study noticed that “as even the most basic word processing
capabilities grow, it is increasingly possible to keep fewer paper files” – a
movement toward the “paperless office”.
Although we have seen a large trend in this direction, many business
owners and professionals are still uncomfortable getting rid of paper copies
altogether. Mink and Mary (2004) further stretched that one of the software
applications commonly used for desktop publishing is “Adobe Acrobat”, which is
one of the applications of this software that allows people to upload document
on the web and have others download the same documents; but unlike a Word document,
the formatting and content cannot be changed, altered, or extracted. Okeke (2013) revealed that Adobe allows the
user to input the content and design and format it in a more intricate manner
than a word processing application allows.
Often a desktop publishing application will be used for functions such
as producing brochures, newsletters, calendars, and reports. Okwukwe and Okorie (2014) in their study
described other very useful applications for the small businesses are
spread-Sheet programmes such as Microsoft Excel. This software is very dynamic
and powerful to the extent that it can create reports and worksheets that the
user can manipulate by using simple formulas such as addition and division, use
complex models that link sheets to each other, and have them interface with
real-time data, depending on the needs of the business. Boone, Louise and David
(2002) also in their study confirmed that Adobe software programme can be used
also for computer statistics, run financial models, create a variety of charts,
and monitor performance. Although many people are intimidated by numbers,
spreadsheet programmes can also create graphics or charts generated from data
that you input. The graphics can then be
inserted into word processing documents or presentations. Mink and Mary (2004)
noted that the impact of electronic mail, or e-mail, has revolutionized
personal and professional communication.
E-mail, has provided a rapid communication tool that can share information,
provide updates, and transport data almost instantly in most cases. E-mail has been adopted to communicate both
inside and outside an organization; it can carry such important documents as
contracts and agreements through the use of file attachments or simply provide
basic messages such as reconfirming a meeting.
Mink and Mary (2004) further stated that Software has been created to
help users manage the information that comes through their e-mail
accounts. One such tool is Microsoft
outlook, which allows users to receive, send, and manage not only their e-mail
accounts, but also their calanders, contacts, tasks, and notes. Software applications such as outlook have
proven to reduce paperwork and decrease time wasted in playing telephone tag,
with a corresponding impact on increasing productivity. Okwukwe and Okorie (2014) also in their study
identified that one of the easiest ways that a small company can make a big
impact is by looking professional in all its communication with stakeholders.
An opportunity to set company apart from the competition is by having
outstanding presentations that are not merely based on agendas and notes but,
technology permitting, have a polished look projected onto a screen to
accompany ideas. Mandura (2003) pointed
out that presentation software such as “power point” allows the creation of
entire presentations, replete with graphics, audio and video chips, impressive
effects, and even pre-rehearsed timing tools. It ultimately allows combination
of text with multimedia and design that are consistent with the professional
image that one would like to project. Akpan (2004) explained that if power
point cannot handle all the multimedia computing that could likely be used,
there are technologies that can integrate media-voice, video, graphics and
animation and convert them into computer – based applications that can be
shared and duplicated with others. Akpan
further explains that one of the expanding uses for multimedia computing is
employee presentations, client presentations, use in conferences, and sue in
the classrooms of some of the more advanced educational institutions.
Presentation, Client presentations, use in conferences, and use in the
classrooms of some of the more advanced educational institutions. Presentation software has the power to focus
an audience, project an image, and aid communication with unparalleled success
when used effectively.
According
to Obasi, and Ani (2011) another important software application combines
information sharing through a common database with communication via e-mail, so
that employees or associates can collaborate on projects. This groupware application allows employees
to work together on a single document simultaneously while seeing what their
collaborators are changing in real time.
As is the case with all of these applications, Obasi and Ani (2011)
further explained that groupware allows a company to increase the scale and
efficiencies of its business. Software
allows users to use, copy, edit, share and track-data at record speed and then
allows the diffusion and reach of their work to increase exponentially. Management Information System as Charles
(2014) described is used for communicating, but the ultimate goal is the use of
these tools to help make better decisions. In this way, the software used for
managerial decisions making should be based on characteristics of the
individual, the task being performed, and how information is presented.
Jane,
Carey, Charels and Kacmar (2012) demonstrated the variety of factors that go
into deciding, which technology is best suited for a particular decision making
situation. These tools and process have a variety of functions and purposes,
ranging from managing customers through customer relationship management
software, to knowledge management functions (sharing and disseminating the
“Institutional memory” of the organization) to shipping and tracking the
company’s products or services. Okwukwe
and Okorie (2014) identified Decision Support System as (DSS) are information
systems that quickly provide relevant data to help people make decisions to
choose a particular course of action. A DSS tool may be able to simulate a
situation and predict various outcomes based on known variables. A DSS according to Akpan (2004) can take into
account all of the variables and come up with various revenue projections based
on the possible outcomes. These tools might be complicated to figure out at
first, but prove to be invaluable in the long run for the amount of time and
monetary resources saved.
2.4.22 Concept
of Management and Information System
Edeja’s
Study (as cited in Ejiofor, 1981) explained that many people think that a
manager is that colonial master bossing a gang of his Nigerian laborers while
some perceive him as the Nigerian elite occupying the white man’s post. Some others
see him as the official, who goes on tour, has a secretary and who appends his
signature on some important documents. A
few see him as a university graduate or boss who sits in a cozy office and does
nothing but barking out orders, they see him as the proverbial baboon that
chops the fruits of the labour of his monkey subordinates.
The
error in these perceptions of what management means, is that of scope. Like the
blind men of Hindustan, they have partly perceived what management is. People have different perception concerning
what management means to them.
According
to Edeja (2011) depending on the person’s education, experience and exposure.
People have different views of what management means to them. In some cases
people perceived a manager as the big man who sits in the office to enjoy air
conditioner while others are sweating under the sun or through a kind of
strenuous labour.
However,
the word management comes from the Latin word which “means” to control with
hand (Onuoha, 1999). Another way of explaining the meaning of management is to
see a project succeed even with little resources (Chikere, 2006).
Flippo
(1982) defined management as the planning, organizing, directing and
controlling of the enterprise’s operations so that organization’s objective can
be achieved economically and effectively.
Management is the effective utilization of human and material resources
to achieve enterprise objectives (Gluech, 1983). Management is a force that, through decision
making based on the knowledge and understanding, interrelates and integrates,
via appropriate linking processes all are elements of the organizational
objectives (Lundgren, 1980). Gullett
(1981) defined management as the process of getting things done by and through
other people. Ejiofor (1981) sees
management as the science and art of getting things done through other people
to achieve the organizational objectives. As for Udensi (1998) the imperative
of management is rooted on its relevance and importance in helping to achieve organization
effectiveness and efficiency. The
effectiveness of information system could not be achieved without an effective
management, in order words, without managerial ability, information cannot
manage itself in any business organization.
Edeja (2011) observed that management activities are not limited to any
type of organization but all organizations whether profit or non-profit
oriented, private or public as far as human and material resources will be used
by such organization. Yet it is difficult
to find any organization that does not make use of human and material
resources. Since it is not possible to
have an organization that does not make use of human and material resources, it
then implies that management is an essential tool for all organizations that
survives its universal application in all business organizations confirms its
imperativeness.
2.4.23 Characteristics and Type of management
Ogbuoshi
(2010) says that, there are some characteristics of management that makes it
unique and they are as follows:
(i)
Management
is purposeful
Ogbuoshi (2010) explained that a
requisite of management deals with the achievement of something specific. Managerial success is commonly considered the
extent to which the objectives are achieved. Management exists because it is an
effective means of getting needed work accomplished. The mere fact that an executive has a number
of subordinates reporting does not make him a manager. To qualify as a
management function, all the efforts of the group must be coordinated and must
contribute to accomplish a specific task.
(ii)
Management
is Time Oriented:
Time is essential in modern
management. Set objectives must be
accomplished within a given time frame.
Even where workers are allowed some control over their time, the
emphasis often remains on the employees completing the job at appropriate
time. Management should act in time, and
in the present.
(iii)
Management
Improves its Environment:
Management
according to Ogbuoshi (2010) is an outstanding means for exerting real impact
upon human life. Management analysts believe that management influences its
environment.
(iv)
Management
is Usually Associated with Efforts of a Group:
The
management–group as Edeja (2011) stated, emphasized on the fundamental fact
that an enterprise, an institution, comes into existence to obtain certain
goals which are achieved more readily by a group than by one person alone.
(v)
Management
Motivates its Workers:
According
to Akpan (2004) Management is accomplished by, with, and through the efforts of
others. To participate in management necessities relinquishing the normal
tendency to perform all things yourself and get task accomplished by, with, and
through the efforts of the group members. This is far more difficult than it
sounds. Ogbuoshi (2010) identified that the usual pattern is for a person to
acquire ability in a specialized type of work and win promotions and progress
acquiring increasing knowledge and skills in the given field of
specialization. But the time comes when
further progress requires shifting from the role of a specialist to that of
management member. The prime measure of
success now becomes setting proper goals not getting others to accomplish these
specific goals.
(vi)
Management
is Active
Management
is an activity, not a person or group of persons. The word “managing is a more
precise and descriptive term than management (Iwuchukwu, 19092). Popular usage, however, has made management
the widely accepted term. It is
therefore erroneous to refer to an economic class, a social class, or a
political class as management, it is an activity like walking, talking, reading
or swimming. People who perform
management can be designed as mangers, members of management or executive
leaders.
(vii)
Management
Connotes Ability:
According to Nwachukwu (1992) management
effectiveness requires the use of certain knowledge, skill and practice.
Technical skill is extremely important for accomplishing an assigned problem,
but basically the role of the management member does not require specialized
technical expertness. Many mangers were technical experts or specialists before
entering management work. In an age of
specialization this is quite common (Ogbuoshi, 2010). The technical skill and
background may add greatly to a future manager’s ability. However, the important consideration is that
upon entering management work, another specialty is required, namely to manage
effectively. It has been called the unseen force. Its presence is evidenced by the results of
its efforts orderliness, informed employees, buoyant spirit, and adequate work
out. But for the most part these results are noticed. Strange as it may seem,
in some instances the identity of management is brought in bold relief by the
presence, the identity of management is brought into clear focus (Akpan, 2004).
Imaga (2001) divided management into
three categories of conventional, systematic and scientific management and
explain as follows:
(i)
Conventional
Management:
Management
by trial and error. It is the conserves
use of skills and creative imagination, in planning and executing the goals of
organization. It tends to be subjective, non-statistical, emotional,
common-sense and behavioural. Robert
(2013) further explained that most problems may be solved by this methods but
it is time consuming and expensive.
(ii)
Systematic
management
This system of management involves
doing something because it has always been done that way. This type of
management according to Ogbuoshi (2010) is called historical or initiative
management.
(iii)
This management method according to Ogbuoshi
(2010) is the use of codified varied knowledge in the plan management of
organized activity. It explains certain
basic phenomenon. It tends to be
analytical, statistical, rational and quantifiable research. It entails
defining and classifying the problems of objectives, assembling and analyzing
all factors critical to the solution of problems, and draw logical conclusion
from the analyses. Scientific management
stresses constitutive and systematize causes and effect approach that provides
not only the problem solving frame work from increasing efficiency and
productivity but the mental attitude that enhances performance. Scientific management according to Ogbuoshi
(2010) was first applied by Fredrick Taylor in 1885, which became known as the
father of scientific management.
2.4.24 Functions of management in a Business
Organization Nwachukwu (1992)
observed that management functions are identical in all formal organization,
whether it is profit making organization or non-profit making; all people who
occupy management position performs same type of function. Nwachukwu further explained that the concept
of universality of language implies that all managers respective of their
position in their organizational hierarchy perform at one time or the other
identical functions.
Robert
(2013) classified management functions common to all kinds of organization to
include the following:
(i)
Planning:
Planning entails setting objectives and
deciding the best way of achieving objectives.
Planning can be short term or long term. The essential aspect of
planning is information etc. (Akpan, 2004).
(ii)
Decision
Making
Ogbuoshi (2010) sees decision making in
management as the process by which a cause of action is consciously chosen from
available alternatives for the purpose of achieving a desired result.
(iii)
Organizing:
This refers to the actions by which the
structure or allocating of job is determined in organization. An organization
can determine the activity to perform and the type of human and material
resources to produce. Organization can
also determine the extent of centralization of planning and control and can
also establish the system, and adopt a method for the flow of communication.
(iv)
Staffing
Staffing as a function of management is
the method by which managers selects, train, promote and retire
subordinates. The managers decide on a
caliber of staff to be employed in any of the organization.
(v)
Communication
This is the process by which ideas are
transferred for the purpose of evolving a calculated response. Communication is
essentially for satisfactory co-ordination and good human relationship. It creates good will, facilitate decision
making and gets the results. According to Ogbuoshi (2011) communication may be
sending instructions down the line of feedback upwards to enable manager take
appropriate decision. Communication is vertical between the superior and the
subordinate – horizontal communication with the staff.
(vi)
Controlling:
This refers to measurement of current
performance couple with guidance to pre-determine goals. Various firms of control as Akpan (2004)
observed include internal audit control, budgetary control, inventory control,
quality control and credit control. All
these control mechanism are used in the control.
(vii)
Directing
Rebert (2013) postulates that accounting is
the procedure by which actual performance of subordinate is achieved to bring
about the attainment of pre-established goals.
(viii)
Motivation
Nwachukwu (1992) says motivation is
that energizing force that induces and maintains behaviuor. Human behavour is motivated and it is
directed. Motivation is an internal
psychological process whose presence or absence of inferred from observed performance.
Employees work maximally if they are effectively motivated through rewards and
other incentives.
(ix)
Coordinating
Coordinating involves group or joint
decision making and actions, linking their services for the community is
benefits or taking each other into account as they work towards their
goal. (Mufford and Klorglan, 1981). The purpose of coordinating is to achieve
grater impact from participating organizations by planning and making
together. Organization working together
will have greater impact than working alone. It should be remembered that coordination
involves joint organizations decision working and taking action and linking of
services to benefit the rural dwellers.
CHAPTER
THREE
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Area
of Study
This
study was conducted in Enugu City, Enugu State, Nigeria. The selection of Enugu is purposeful. This is because Enugu as a city and capital
of Enugu State is densely populated. It
is also the seat of Glo Commercial Services in Enugu State. The organization
under study.
3.1 Sources of Data
The
two main sources used in this study to collect data are:
(a)
Primary
Data: The primary data
include the data collected from 50 staff of Glo Commercial Service, Enugu that
made up the sample size of the study. Therefore, the researcher administered 50
copies of questionnaire to the respondents.
The questionnaire was designed for the respondents in the area of study
and it helped the researcher to obtain information about their opinions,
attitudes on the satisfaction of the subject under study. The questionnaire
helped the researcher in the following ways:
1. It
permitted more considerable answer.
2. It
was less expensive compared to the area it covered.
3. It
was more adequate in situation in which the respondents have to check their
information.
The questionnaire in this study was used as
the main tool for primary data collection and was distributed to potential
respondents. In order to reduce the possibility of questionnaire missing, the
questionnaires were distributed by hand and collected hand by the researcher.
(b)
Secondary
data:
These are data collected from publications, newspapers, magazines, internet,
textbooks and other research works and write ups, which are closely related to
the study.
3.2 Sampling Technique
Glo
Commercial Service, Enugu was surveyed in the course of this study. The
population of the organization is 100 staff and the sampling technique used was
probability sampling.
Probability
sampling according to Olakunori (1997) is one in which the selection of the
sampling units is based on chance and for which the chance of each unit being
selected is known. This work covered every relevant department by applying
systematic random sampling method.
The
formula of probability sampling is stated below as:
K =
where K
= the unit or frame
N = population of study
n = sample
. . K
=
= 2
Therefore,
in every 2 staff 1 was selected
Sample size
= 50
3.3 Method of Data Collection
The
study used a survey to evaluate Management Information System in business
organization. Survey design was adopted for data collection because of its
appropriateness in describing the current situation of phenomenon (Kothori,
1990). The population of the study is staff of Glo Commercial Service, Enugu.
Nwankwo (1990) stated that the population of any research work is the universe
of such group of people or object which a researcher is interested. In
obtaining the sample size of the population, a systematic random sampling
method was employed.
By
survey research, we mean the task of asking questions in order to acquire information
from the population under study. This is
most commonly used by social scientist.
It has to do with drawing up a set of questions on various subjects or
on various aspects of a subject to which selected members of a population are
requested to react to (Ikeagwu, 1998).
A
good number of reasons accounted for the preference of this method of data
collection in the study.
They
include:
(a)
It is more realistic than experiment in that
it investigates phenomena in their natural setting.
(b)
It interprets, synthesizes, integrates data
and points to implications and interrelationships.
(c)
Such an approach is consistent with one of
the aims of qualitative research, which is to expose the range and depth of the
phenomena.
(d)
Surveys are particularly versatile and practical
especially, for the administrator in that they identify ultimate concepts and
theories (Strauss, 1990). These methods often generate both qualitative and
quantitative elements, hypothesis, concepts and theories which help in solving
problems under study.
Survey
allows the use of questionnaire which allows the respondents to answer the
question the way he or she like with fewer restrict ions or non in some cases.
The
researcher made available a set of response categories after each question from
which the respondents were to choose one out of a number of appropriate
responses. The researcher asked
questions and supplied the possible answers and instructed the respondents to
tick one of the available response which best expressed his feeling, attitude or
perception about the use of Management Information System in an organization.
Some questions were also asked and provision was made for the respondents to
say their opinions.
For
the purpose of making sure of high degree of information reliability to be
collected through questionnaire, the researcher made the questions very clear
in a way that it will not bring confusion amongst the respondents.
The
validity of the scales utilized in this study was assessed for content and
construction validity. After the survey had been completed, the reliability of
the scales was further examined by computing their coefficient alpha (Crombach
Alpha). All scales were found to exceed a minimum threshold of 0.7 suggested by
Nunnally (1978).
3.4 Methods
of Data Analysis
The
data collected in this study were presented in meaningful and simplest form for
the understanding of the readers. The data were analyzed in tables and
percentages. The percentages were used to analyze the data collected so as to
make more understandable to readers while chi-square was used to test the
hypotheses based on its scientific nature. The formula for chi-square used in
this study is as follows:
X2 = ∑(fo - fe)2
fe
Where X2 = Computed
Chi-Square
fo = Observed Frequencies
fe = Expected Frequencies
∑ = Summation
3.5 Limitation
of the Study
This
study on the evaluation of Management Information System in business
organization management is presupposed to take a wider scope, instead of
covering Glo Commercial Service, Enugu only, since it borders on the entire
business organizations in Nigeria. But the researcher decided to narrow it down
to Glo Commercial Service, Enugu. This is to enable the researcher carry out an
in-depth study, since the researcher is conversant with the environment. The
researcher believes that the choice of Glo Commercial Service, Enugu will cover
the interest of other business organizations in Nigeria.
One
constraint the researcher encountered in carrying out the study was the problem
of visiting respondents at their different branches in Enugu and their homes in
order to distribute the questionnaire and probably ask questions relevant to
the study.
CHAPTER
FOUR
DATA
ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Data Analysis, Findings and Discussion
The essence
of this chapter is to present and analyze the data collected during the
research survey, followed by findings from the data. The validity of the
research questions as set out in the research objectives took the shape of tabulation
of the data got from the completed questionnaire administered, after which the
test of hypotheses were done to accept or reject the hypothesis, using
chi-square scientific method. The test conducted at 95% confidence interval and
0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study were also discussed.
50 copies
of questionnaire were distributed to the respondents in Glo Commercial Service,
Enugu. This is to critically evaluate the impact of Management Information
System in business organization in Nigeria. A total of 45 copies of
questionnaire or 90% were returned which was found to be valid and used for the
study. The analyses are as follows:
Table
4.1.1: Questionnaire Distribution and Rate
of Return
Category of Staff
|
Number
Distributed
|
Number Returned
|
Number not Returned
|
Percentage of total Questionnaire Returned
|
Management
Staff
|
25
|
24
|
1
|
48%
|
Intermediate
Staff
|
15
|
12
|
3
|
24%
|
Junior
Staff
|
10
|
9
|
1
|
18%
|
Total
|
50
|
45
|
5
|
90%
|
Source: Field Survey, 2016
Table 4.1.2: Whether there is any significant relationship
between application of MIS and provision of accurate information to aid
decision making.
Response
|
Frequency of Occurrence
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
30
|
67
|
No
|
11
|
24
|
I do not know
|
4
|
9
|
Total
|
45
|
100
|
Source:
Field Survey 2016.
Table 4.1.3: Whether there is any significant relationship
between application of MIS and storage of information for successful business
planning.
Response
|
Frequency of Occurrence
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
29
|
64
|
No
|
10
|
22
|
I do not know
|
6
|
14
|
Total
|
45
|
100
|
Source:
Field Survey 2016.
Table 4.1.4: Whether there is any positive correlation
between MIS and provision of reliable information to identify strengths and
weaknesses in business.
Response
|
Frequency of Occurrence
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
34
|
76
|
No
|
6
|
13
|
I do not know
|
5
|
11
|
Total
|
45
|
100
|
Source:
Field Survey 2016.
Table
4.1.5: Whether there is any significant
relationship between the use of MIS and monitoring information on trend of
business in organizations.
Response
|
Frequency of Occurrence
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
28
|
62
|
No
|
8
|
18
|
I do not know
|
9
|
20
|
Total
|
45
|
100
|
Source:
Field Survey 2016.
Table
4.1.6: Whether there is any positive
correlation between training employees and improvement in the use of MIS.
Response
|
Frequency of Occurrence
|
Percentage
|
Yes
|
32
|
71
|
No
|
10
|
22
|
I do not know
|
3
|
7
|
Total
|
45
|
100
|
Source:
Field Survey 2016.
Test
of Hypotheses:
Hypothesis 1:
There is no significant relationship between
application of Management Information System and provision of accurate
information to aid decision making.
Table
4.1.7: Chi-square data
and statistical computation of hypothesis one.
Responses
|
Observed
frequencies
(fo)
|
Expected
frequency
(fe)
|
fo-fe
|
(fo-fe)2
|
(fo-fe)2
fe
|
Yes
|
30
|
15
|
+15
|
225
|
15
|
No
|
11
|
15
|
- 4
|
16
|
1.066
|
I do not know
|
4
|
15
|
- 11
|
121
|
8.066
|
Total
|
45
|
45
|
|
|
24.132
|
Source:
Research Data 2016 (drawn from table 4.1.2)
X2
= (30 – 15)2 + (11 – 15)2 + (4 – 15)2
15 15 15
= 205
+ 16 + 121
15
15 15
X2 =
24.132
The
researcher used significant level of = 0.05
Degree
of freedom = 2
Table
value X2 = 5.991, df = 2, P =
0.05
Calculated
value X2 = 24.132
Decision Rule
The
table 4.1.7 above shows that the calculated chi-square (X2) is
24.132 and is greater than the table chi-square value of 5.991. Since the
calculated value is greater than the critical value, the null hypothesis is
therefore rejected and the alternative accepted, which means that there is
significant relationship between Management Information System and provision of
accurate information to aid decision making.
Hypothesis
2:
There
is no significant relationship between the use of Management Information System
and successful storage of business information.
Table 4.1.8:
Chi-square data statistical computation of hypothesis two
Responses
|
Observed
frequencies
(fo)
|
Expected
frequency
(fe)
|
fo-fe
|
(fo-fe)2
|
(fo-fe)2
fe
|
Yes
|
29
|
15
|
+14
|
196
|
13.066
|
No
|
10
|
15
|
- 5
|
25
|
1.666
|
I do not know
|
6
|
15
|
- 9
|
81
|
5.4
|
Total
|
45
|
45
|
|
|
20.132
|
Source:
Research Data 2016 (drawn from table 4.1.3)
X2 =
∑(fo – fe)2
fe
X2
= (29 – 15)2 + (10 –
15)2 + (6 – 15)
15 15 15
X2
=
= 205 + 16 + 121
15
15 15
X2
=
13.066 + 1.666 + 5.4 = 20.132
Probability
level =
0.05
Degree
of freedom (3 – 1) (3 – 1) = 2
Critical
value X2 = 5.991, df = 2, P < 0.05
Calculated
value X2 = 20.132
Decision Rule
From
the calculation done above, table value X2 = 5.991 is less than the
calculated value X2 = 20.132. We therefore reject the null
hypothesis and accept that there is significant relationship between the use of
Management Information System and successful storage of business information.
Hypothesis
3
There
is no significant relationship between Management Information System and
provision of reliable information to identify the strengths and weaknesses in
business.
Table 4.1.9:
Chi-square data statistical computation of hypothesis three
Responses
|
Observed
frequencies
(fo)
|
Expected
frequency
(fe)
|
fo-fe
|
(fo-fe)2
|
(fo-fe)2
fe
|
Yes
|
34
|
15
|
+19
|
361
|
24.066
|
No
|
6
|
15
|
- 9
|
81
|
5.4
|
I do not know
|
5
|
15
|
- 10
|
100
|
6.666
|
Total
|
45
|
45
|
|
|
36.132
|
Source:
Research Data 2016 (drawn from table 4.1.4)
X2 =
∑(fo – fe)2
fe
X2
= (34 – 15)2 + (6 – 15)2
+ (5 – 15)
15 15 15
X2 = = 361 + 81 + 100
15
15 15
X2 = 24.066
+ 1.666 + 5.4 = 6.666
= 36.132
Probability
level =
0.05
Degree
of freedom (3 – 1) (3 – 1) = 2
Critical
value X2 = 5.991, df = 2, P < 0.05
Calculated
value X2 = 36.132
Decision Rule
Since
the table value of X2 = 5.991 at 2 degree of freedom and 0.05
probability level is less than the calculated value X2 = 36.132. We therefore,
reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative, which means that there
is significant relationship between the application of Management Information
System and provision of reliable information for identification of strengths
and weaknesses in business.
Hypothesis
4
There
is no significant relationship between the application of Management
Information System and guide to managers on monitoring of business information.
Table
4.1.10: Chi-square data statistical computation of hypothesis
four
Responses
|
Observed
frequencies
(fo)
|
Expected
frequency
(fe)
|
fo-fe
|
(fo-fe)2
|
(fo-fe)2
fe
|
Yes
|
28
|
15
|
+13
|
169
|
11.266
|
No
|
8
|
15
|
- 7
|
49
|
3.266
|
I do not know
|
9
|
15
|
- 8
|
64
|
4.266
|
Total
|
45
|
45
|
|
|
18.790
|
Source:
Research Data 2016 (drawn from table 4.1.4)
X2
= (28 – 15)2 + (8 – 15)2 + (9 – 15)
15 15 15
X2
=
= 169 + 49 + 64
15
15 15
X2
=
11.266 + 3.266 + 4.266 = 18.790
Probability
level =
0.05
Degree
of freedom (3 – 1) (3 – 1) = 2
Critical
value X2 = 5.991, df = 2, P < 0.05
Calculated
value X2 = 20.132
Decision Rule
From
the calculations above, it shows that the table value X2 = 5.991 is
less than the computed value X2 = 18.790. The researcher being
guided by the chi-square decision rule, rejectes the null hypothesis and
acceptes the alternative which means that, there is significant relationship
between the application of Management Information System and guide to managers
in monitoring information on business trends
Hypothesis
5
There
is no significant relationship between employees’ training and improvement in
the use of Management Information System.
Table 4.1.11:
Chi-square data statistical computation of hypothesis five
Responses
|
Observed
frequencies
(fo)
|
Expected
frequency
(fe)
|
fo-fe
|
(fo-fe)2
|
(fo-fe)2
fe
|
Yes
|
32
|
15
|
+17
|
289
|
19.266
|
No
|
10
|
15
|
-
5
|
25
|
1.666
|
I do not know
|
3
|
15
|
-
12
|
144
|
9.6
|
Total
|
45
|
45
|
|
|
30.532
|
Source:
Research Data 2016 (drawn from table 4.1.5)
X2
= (32 – 15)2 + (10 –
15)2 + (3 – 15)
15 15 15
X2
=
= 289 + 25 + 144
15
15 15
X2
=
19.266 + 1.666 + 9.6 = 30.532
Probability
level =
0.05
Degree
of freedom (3 – 1) (3 – 1) = 2
Critical
value X2 = 5.991, df = 2, P < 0.05
Calculated
value X2 = 30.532
Decision Rule
Since
the table value X2 = 5.991 at two degree of freedom and 0.05
probability level is less than the calculated value X2 =
30.532. The researcher being guided by
the chi-square decision rule rejectes the null hypothesis and acceptes the
alternative hypothesis, which means that there is significant relationship
between employees training and improvement in the use of Management Information
System.
4.2 Findings of the Study
The
following findings were made based on the objectives of the study that:
1.
There is significant relationship between
the application of Management Information System and provision of accurate
information to aid decision-making in business organizations.
2.
There is significant relationship between
the application of Management Information System and storage of information for
successful business planning.
3.
There is positive correlation between Management
Information System and identification of strengths and weaknesses in business.
4.
There is significant relationship between
the use of Management Information System and monitoring the trend of business
in organizations.
5.
There is positive correlation between
training employees and improvement in the use of Management Information System.
4.3 Discussion of Findings
Five hypothesis formulated
are tested, data gathered have been analyzed and from the discussion of the
findings, it showed that Management Information System play a vital role in the
management of business organizations.
Much of management
planning, organizing, controlling, supervising and leadership in organization
is about making decision. For example, the marketing manager must decide what
people want and the price to charge for product, what distribution channels to
use and what promotion messages to emphasize. The production manager must
decide how much of a product to make and how to make it. The purchasing manager
must decide from whom to purchase inputs and what inventory inputs to hold. The
human relations manager must decide how much employees should be paid, how they
should be trained and what benefit they should be given. Management must decide
how to allocate scarce financial resources among competing projects, how to
structure and control the organization, and what business level strategy the
organization should be doing. Decision making cannot be effective without
information. To make effective decisions manager need information both from
inside and outside the organization and from external stakeholders. Managers
need to make effective decisions that will rest on their ability to acquire and
process information. As shown in table 4.1.7 above were the computed value (x2)
24.132 is greater than the critical value of 5.991.
In table 4.1.8, the
calculated chi-square (x2) is 20.132 and is greater than the table X2
value 5.991. The null hypothesis is therefore rejected. It indicates therefore
that there is significant relationship between the use of Management
Information System and successful storage of business information.
Management Information
Systems are used to control a variety of operations within organizations. For
example, Information systems are to be used to monitor expenditure against
budgets, managers need information on current expenditure; broken down by
relevant organizational units. Effective information is needed to provide
managers with such business information.
Management Information
systems are highly relevant to the links between the customers and the
management of organizations in business. Therefore, that an organization is
successful, information should be at the fore-front.
Table 4.1.9 shows that the
computed chi-square (X2) is 36.132 and is greater than the critical
X2 value 5.991. The null hypothesis is therefore, rejected, it
indicates therefore, that there is significant relationship between Management
Information System and provision of reliable information for identification of
strength and weakness in business in Glo Commercial Service, Enugu.
Glo Commercial Services
Enugu are able to identify their strengths and weaknesses due to reliable
information on the presentation of revenue reports, employees’ performance
record, sales information records, accounting and finance records, general
management; strategic planning, cost control records etc. Identifying these
aspects through Management Information Systems help Glo Commercial Services
Enugu identify their weaknesses and strengths and improve its business process
and operation.
Table 4.3.10 showed that
the computed chi-square (X2) is 18.790 and is greater than the
critical value X2 5.991. It indicates therefore, that there is
significant relationship between Management Information System in guiding
managers of Glo Commercial Service, Enugu on monitoring of business
information.
The availability of
customer data and feedback, marketing records, regular scheduled reports based
on data extracted and summarized from the Glo’s underlining transaction
processing system can help effective performance of managers of Glo
organization. The effective management information of customer data can enable Glo
Commercial Services Enugu to monitor direct marketing and promotion
activities.
Table 4.3.11 showed that
the calculated chi-square (X2) value is 30.532 and is greater than X2
table value of 5.991. The null hypothesis is therefore rejected. It indicates
therefore, that there is significant relationship between employees’ training
and improvement in the use of Management Information Systems. In Glo Commercial
Services Enugu.
Training employees with
appropriate back-up support on the use of information system in organizations
will help to improve the use of Management Information System. For example, if
the employees of Glo Commercial Services Enugu are trained to use the new technologies,
it will enable the employees perform well and will improve information process.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary
of Findings
The finding of this research work revealed that:
Management Information
System is a formalized procedure that provides management at all levels and in
all functions with appropriate information from all relevant source to enable
them make effective decisions for planning, directing evaluating and
controlling the activities for which they are responsible, since the major task
facing management of organizations in almost every field of endeavour is to
plan carefully so that the quantity and quality of information obtained will be
adequate to meet the need.
Management Information
System aids the functioning and monitoring of business trend, it also described
the components and resources to ensure appropriate functioning of an
organization.
Management Information
System is a subset of the overall internal control of a business covering the
application of people, document, technologies and procedures by management
accountants to solve business problems, it helps management to provide
information capable of identifying the strengths and weaknesses of business in
organizations.
The research also reveales
that information systems are expensive and difficult to develop and implement
and that most managements lack involvement in the design of MIS.
5.2 Conclusion
Business managers today,
are much more concerned about the effect of competition than they were even a
few years ago. They must react to the competitive threats not only from local
source but also from regional, national and international sources; likewise
they must seek to explore all opportunities that are available in the
immediate, national and global environment. Deregulation has also increased
competitive pressure for organizations to survive, grow and prosper. In such a
competitive environment, managers must employ a lot of the resources at their
disposal as efficiently as possible so as to accomplish the objectives and
goals of the enterprise. Management Information System provides information of
reports and effective performance of managers and many business
professionals. Management Information
System also takes into account integrative nature of information flow as well
as the structuring of the organization around decision centre. Standards of performance
are part of any goal plans; hence, determination of standards like other
aspects of the planning process depends on the availability of relevant Management
Information System.
Management Information
System has changed the physical layout of offices to accommodate large networks
and departmental integrated system.
This study evaluated Management
Information System in business organization, a survey of Glo Commercial
Services, Enugu. The study proffered strategies to be adopted for efficient Management
Information System in organizations.
5.3 Recommendations
The following
recommendations are made based on the findings of the study.
Decision making is very
vital to every business organization to achieve its corporate goals and
objective. In realization of this, it is recommended that business
organizations should pay more attention to the development of a good and
formidable Management Information System. And because of the potential of Management
Information System to store business information for planning, it is
recommended that there should be the introduction and operation of
central-data-base management system through which information can be produced
and communicated to various users at any point in time within the organization
or firm.
There should also be
flexibility in the structure of management system in organizations so as to
permit easy information flow for the accessibility of all information end-users,
and enable them use such information to identify the strengths and weaknesses
of business. Organizations should from
time to time organize seminars and training for the staff to improve the
strength in organization’s. Glo Commercial Services, Enugu should also pay more
attention to communication through the media agencies. This goes a long way to
promoting the company’s control of the market.
Business organizations in
Nigeria should develop, acquire appropriate and suitable computer software and
programme to meet its ever growing growth and expansion. In the same vein, skillful and experienced IT
workers should be employed to manage IT department of Glo Commercial Services,
Enugu. This will help to guide the management to monitor business information,
forecast mutual understanding and minimize conflicts between management and
employees. Above recommendation will go a long way to help Glo Commercial
Services, Enugu attain its desired mileage.
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QUESTIONNAIRE
Please tick (√) in the
appropriate boxes and give answers where necessary.
1.
Age: (a) under 30 years (b) 30-40 years
(c)
41-50 years (d) 51 and above
2.
Qualification:
(a) OND / NCE (b) HND /B.Sc.
(c)
M.Sc./MBA
3.
What is your position in the organization? (a)
Management staff
(b)
Intermediate Staff (c) Junior
Staff
4.
How
long have you worked with Glo commercial service Enugu? (a) 2-4years (b)
5-10 years (c) 12 and above
5.
Does Glo commercial service have other branches in Enugu?
(a)
Yes (b)
No
6.
Do
you use information systems in your organization?
(a) Yes (b)
No (c) I
do not know
7.
How
useful do you find Management Information System in your organization? (a) Very
useful (b) Not useful
(c)
I do not know
8.
Do
all your branches in Enugu use Management Information System? (a) Yes (b)
No
(c) I do not know
9.
Does Management Information System provide you accurate information
to aid your decision making?
(a) Yes (b) No (c) I do not know
10.
Does
Management Information System help you to store information successfully for
your business?
(a) Yes (b) No (c) I do not know
11.
What are the reasons for your option?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
12.
Do
your management feel good to use Management Information System in your
organization?
(a) Yes (b)
No (c) I do not know
13.
What
reasons do you have for any option?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14.
Do
Management Information System provide you with reliable information to identify
the strengths and weaknesses in business?
(a) Yes (b)
No (c) I do not know
15.
Why
did you respond ‘No’ ‘Yes’ or I do not know?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16.
What problems do you have with using Management
Information System in your organization?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17.
Do Management Information System guide your
manager to monitor trend of business?
(a) Yes (b)
No (c) I do not know
18.
Do you recommend the use of Management
Information System in every business organization?
(a) Yes (b)
No (c) I do not know
19.
What
reasons do you have for any option?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20.
Do you think that training of employees can
help to improve the use of management information in organization?
(a) Yes (b)
No (c) I do not know
21.
What
reasons do you have for any option?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22.
What are the likely problems you encounter
in the use of Management Information System?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23.
Suggest ways you think these problems could
be solved.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
24.
Do you think that lack of management skill
can hamper the efficient performance of Management Information System in
business organization?
(a) Yes (b)
No (c) I do not know
25.
Please
your reasons for choosing any option?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26.
What is your general impression about the
use of Management Information Systems in business organizations?
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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